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A great new range of materials has opened up for the use of 20th-century man: refractory metals, light alloys, plastics, and synthetic fibers, for example. Not only are we consuming materials more rapidly, but we are using an increasing diversity of materials. 1 This expanding use of materials is itself revolutionary, and hence forms an integral part of the “materials revolution” of our times. Indeed, it has been postulated that, assuming current trends in world production and population growth, the materials requirements for the next decade and a half could equal all the materials used throughout history up to date. We use more materials than ever before, and we use them up faster. One of the hallmarks of modern industrialized society is our increasing extravagance in the use of materials. Nature itself is a self-ordered structure which developed through time by the utilization of the same properties of atomic hierarchy that man presides over in his simple constructions. Materials by themselves do nothing yet without materials man can do nothing. Today, the field logically encompasses the lonely prospector and the advanced instrumented search for oil it spreads from the furious flame of the oxygen steelmaking furnace to the quiet cold electrodeposition of copper from the massive rolling mill producing steel rails to the craftsman hammering out a chalice or a piece of jewelry from the smallest chip of an electronic device to the largest building made by man from the common paper-bag to the titanium shell of a space ship from the clearest glass to carbon black from liquid mercury to the hardest diamond from superconductors to insulators from the room-temperature casting plastics to infusible refractories (except they can be melted today) from milady’s stocking to the militant’s bomb from the sweating blacksmith to the cloistered contemplating scholar who once worried about the nature of matter and now tries to calculate the difference between materials. Historically, it began with the emergence of man himself, and materials gave name to the ages of civilization. However, the relative significance of farming has dropped steadily since the beginning of industrialization, and in 2006 – for the first time in history – the services sector overtook agriculture as the economic sector employing the most people worldwide.Īlso, agricultural production accounts for less than five percent of the gross world product (an aggregate of all gross domestic products).The field of materials is immense and diverse. Genetic engineering of plants has proven controversial, particularly in the case of herbicide-resistant plants.Īs of 2006, an estimated 36 percent of the world's workers are employed in agriculture (down from 42% in 1996), making it by far the most common occupation. Modified seeds germinate faster, and thus can be grown in an extended growing area. Genetic engineering has yielded crops which have capabilities beyond those of naturally occuring plants, such as higher yields and disease resistance. Other recent changes in agriculture include hydroponics, plant breeding, hybridization, gene manipulation, better management of soil nutrients, and improved weed control. The 20th Century saw massive changes in agricultural practice, particularly in agricultural chemistry.Īgricultural chemistry includes the application of chemical fertilizer, chemical insecticides, and chemical fungicides, soil makeup, analysis of agricultural products, and nutritional needs of farm animals.īeginning in the Western world, the green revolution spread many of these changes to farms throughout the world, with varying success. Other agricultural production goods include timber, fertilizers, animal hides, leather, industrial chemicals (starch, sugar, alcohols and resins), fibers (cotton, wool, hemp, silk and flax), fuels (methane from biomass, ethanol, biodiesel), cut flowers, ornamental and nursery plants, tropical fish and birds for the pet trade, and both legal and illegal drugs (biopharmaceuticals, tobacco, marijuana, opium, cocaine). Modern agriculture extends well beyond the traditional production of food for humans and animal feeds.
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These operations generally attempt to maximize financial income from grain, produce, or livestock. Such farming involves large fields and/or numbers of animals, large resource inputs (pesticides, fertilizers, etc.), and a high level of mechanization. Subsistence farming, who farms a small area with limited resource inputs, and produces only enough food to meet the needs of his/her family.Īt the other end is commercial intensive agriculture, including industrial agriculture. The practice of agriculture is also known as "farming", while scientists, inventors and others devoted to improving farming methods and implements are also said to be engaged in agriculture.